A team of researchers from Scottish universities has developed an augmented reality (AR) system that could transform outdated robot pets and toys into lifelike, emotionally responsive companions.
The new software, called Augmenting Zoomorphic Robotics with Affect (AZRA), enables users to project complex virtual behaviours onto existing robotic pets and plush toys using AR headsets.
The aim is to enhance the limited interactivity of many commercially available ‘zoomorphic’ robots—those designed to mimic the appearance and behaviour of animals.
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AZRA overlays features such as facial expressions, sound, lighting, and thought bubbles onto toys using devices like Meta’s Quest headset. These enhancements create the illusion of mood and personality, allowing robots to exhibit behaviours similar to those of real companion animals.
At the core of AZRA is an emotional simulation framework known as ZAMA (Zoomorphic Robot Affect and Agency Mind Architecture). ZAMA enables the system to simulate a range of emotional states, derived from behavioural studies of real animals, particularly dogs.
Rather than operating on a simple stimulus-response model, the augmented pets exhibit personalities and daily mood fluctuations. The system tracks traits such as ‘relaxed’, ‘gloomy’, or ‘irritable’, and these influence how the robot reacts to stimuli like touch, voice, and eye contact. It can even recognise when it is being ignored and request attention or stay quiet when its owner appears occupied.
Dr Macdonald and his team used a commercially available device, the Petit Qoobo, as a base platform for testing the system. Although the robot itself has limited interactivity, AZRA’s AR overlay dramatically expands its behavioural possibilities.
The system can also adapt over time to match its owner’s energy levels. For example, in a playful household, the robot may gradually become more energetic. In quieter environments, it may adopt a calmer, more contemplative temperament.
Researchers suggest that beyond providing richer companionship for individuals unable to care for real companion, due to allergies, financial constraints, or housing restrictions, AZRA could also help reduce electronic waste by extending the useful life of existing robot toys.
Future research will explore how people interact with AR-enhanced robots and examine the emotional realism of robot behaviour through participatory studies.
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